If you’ve ever walked into a spa, burned incense during meditation, or tried out a soothing essential oil blend, chances are you've encountered sandalwood. Traditionally, Indian Sandalwood has enjoyed the spotlight as the go-to variety, revered for centuries in spiritual and medicinal practices. But did you know that Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) offers nearly identical benefits, with some even suggesting it could be superior? In this blog, we'll look into the world of Australian Sandalwood, explore its therapeutic properties, and why it might just be the unsung hero of essential oils.
Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)
Family: Santalaceae
Botanical Name: Santalum spicatum
Plant Part Used: Roots and heartwood of the lower tree
Extraction Method: Steam distillation and hexane extraction, followed by co-distillation with glycerin under vacuum
The History of Sandalwood
Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) has a long and rich history, with its use dating back over 4,000 years. It has been mentioned in ancient texts from Indian, Chinese, and Egyptian cultures, revered for its spiritual and medicinal properties. Known for its prominent role in religious ceremonies, Sandalwood has been used in incense, religious carvings, and furniture, symbolising its sacred nature across civilisations.
In addition to its spiritual significance, Sandalwood has played a key role in traditional medical systems like Indian Ayurveda, Tibetan, and Chinese medicine, offering healing properties for a wide range of ailments. The oil extracted from Santalum album, often considered the "best" Sandalwood oil, has earned its reputation in both religious and medicinal contexts due to its exceptional therapeutic value.
In modern aromatherapy, Indian Sandalwood is highly regarded for its calming, grounding, and soothing properties. It is often used to promote mental clarity, reduce stress, and encourage relaxation. Its rich and earthy fragrance has made it a staple in essential oil blends, perfumes, and skincare products.
However, it is important to note that Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum), although lesser known, shares many of the same therapeutic applications. While Indian Sandalwood has traditionally been considered the "gold standard," Australian Sandalwood has been found to be equally effective and, in some cases, even superior in certain pharmacological applications. In fact, Australian Sandalwood’s supply is expected to last for over 100 years!
As highlighted by Arthur Penfold, a respected authority in the field of pharmacology, Australian Sandalwood has demonstrated efficacy comparable to its Indian counterpart:
“Australian (Sandalwood) has been found to be equally efficacious and in some instances superior to the Indian oil in pharmacology” (Arthur Penfold, Australasian Journal of Pharmacology, 18, 1937, 154).
This finding challenges the traditional view of Indian Sandalwood as the superior option and opens the door for broader recognition of Australian Sandalwood's potential benefits. Both varieties share similar chemical profiles, making Australian Sandalwood a valuable alternative with similar therapeutic properties.
Note: The Conservation and Land Management Department of Western Australia ensures that harvesting is regulated and environmentally friendly, allowing the oil to be produced without depleting resources.
The Plant: Santalum Spicatum (Australian Sandalwood)
Santalum spicatum is a native Australian tree, primarily found in the semi-arid regions of South Western Australia, including parts of Western Australia and South Australia. This tree is a member of the Santalaceae family and shares the semi-parasitic nature of its relatives, meaning it requires the roots of host trees (typically Acacia species) to obtain water and nutrients. Here's a closer look at the characteristics and significance of this plant:
Plant Characteristics and Growth
- Size and Appearance: Santalum spicatum is a small tree or shrub, typically growing to about 4 meters in height, although it can reach up to 8 meters in favourable conditions. Its drought resistance makes it well-suited for arid environments.
- Growth and Harvesting: This tree requires a long period of growth to reach maturity, typically around 25 to 50 years, depending on the climate and environmental conditions. It is during this extended growth phase that the essential oil develops, primarily within the heartwood of the tree, especially in the roots and lower sections of the trunk.
Sustainability and Conservation
- Sustainable Management: Unlike its Indian counterpart (Santalum album), which has suffered from poor management and overharvesting, Australian Sandalwood is sustainably managed. The Conservation and Land Management Department of Western Australia (CALM) oversees the management of sandalwood reserves, ensuring a balanced and renewable supply. The sustainable harvesting limits allow for the extraction of up to 2,200 metric tonnes of sandalwood per year, with current reserves estimated to last for more than 100 years at this rate of harvest.
- Promoting Plantation Growth: In addition to managing natural reserves, CALM is actively promoting the growth of sandalwood plantations. These efforts not only ensure the continued availability of this valuable resource but also serve to combat issues like soil salinity in the region.
Historical Significance
- Early Harvesting: Australian Sandalwood has been formally harvested and sold since 1844. It was first mentioned in the British pharmacopoeia of 1810, highlighting its early recognition for medicinal and aromatic purposes.
- Peak Production: The production of Australian Sandalwood oil peaked in the 1940s, reaching up to 54 tons per year. During this time, it was primarily used for medicinal purposes, particularly in the form of ingestible medicines. However, with the rise of modern antibiotics and the increased demand for sandalwood wood (primarily for incense), the focus shifted, and the oil’s production began to decline.
- Production Pause and Resumption: Production of Australian Sandalwood oil ceased in 1971 due to the dwindling supply and a shift in demand. However, after decades of pause, production has recently resumed, driven by renewed interest in the oil's therapeutic and aromatic benefits and its sustainable cultivation.
Essential Oil Composition and Pharmacology of Santalum spicatum
- Santalum spicatum*, also known by various historical names such as S. cygnorium, S. diversifolium, Fusanus spicatus, Eucarya spicata, and E. diversifolis, is one of the key species of Australian Sandalwood. In addition to S. spicatum, there are five other Santalum species found across Australia, including S. lanceolatum in Queensland, S. obtusifolium, S. acuminatum (Quandong), S. murrayanum (Bitter Quandong), and S. album (Indian Sandalwood), which is found in the Northern Territory and Northern Queensland.
While essential oils derived from the different Santalum species exhibit notable differences, S. spicatum and S. album share striking similarities in their oil composition. However, the essential oils from S. spicatum are distinct from those derived from other sandalwood species, such as S. lanceolatum and S. obtusifolium, as well as from Amyris balsamifera (referred to as "West Indian Sandalwood"), all of which have their own unique chemical profiles.
Chemical Composition of Essential Oils
Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) and Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) have similar essential oil compositions, especially in terms of the dominant santalol compounds, though there are some notable differences in the exact proportions. The primary compounds of interest in both oils are α-santalol and β-santalol, both of which are responsible for the characteristic woody, sweet fragrance of sandalwood.
The following table compares the essential oil composition of S. spicatum and S. album:
| Compound | S. spicatum (%) | S. album (%) |
| Cis-α-santalol | 25% | 50% |
| β-santalols | 14% | 25% |
| α-bergamotol | 5% | 3% |
| Nuciferols | 16% | 2% |
| Cis-lanceol | 2% | 2% |
| β and epi-α-bisabolol | 7% | - |
| E,E, farnesol | 5% | - |
| β-santalene | 2.2% | 2.4% |
Key Differences and Characteristics
From the table, we can observe several key differences:
- Lower levels of α and β santalols in S. spicatum (39% versus 75% in S. album), which accounts for its slightly different olfactory profile.
- Higher content of nuciferols in S. spicatum (16% compared to just 2% in S. album), which contributes to the unique scent of Australian Sandalwood.
- Presence of β and epi-α-bisabolol and farnesol in S. spicatum, compounds not found in S. album, further distinguishing the Australian oil from its Indian counterpart.
- Comparable levels of β-santalene, with a small difference in percentages (2.2% in S. spicatum and 2.4% in S. album).
These variations in chemical composition are responsible for the unique scent profile of S. spicatum oil. While S. album is described as having a sweeter, more rounded fragrance, S. spicatum has a scent that is softer, woody, and slightly resinous, with subtle balsamic notes. According to renowned perfumer S. Arctander, the fragrance of S. spicatum is “extremely tenacious and somewhat balsamic in its delicate sweetness,” with a top note that is not as sweet as S. album, but instead, more resinous, similar to Myrrh. As the oil evaporates, it transitions into a "dry out" fragrance that closely resembles the drydown of Indian Sandalwood.
Pharmacological Properties
In addition to its aromatic uses, the essential oil of Santalum spicatum has a range of pharmacological properties. Like Indian Sandalwood, the oil of S. spicatum has been traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and calming effects. It is commonly used in aromatherapy for its grounding and soothing properties, helping to promote relaxation and relieve stress. The chemical compounds in S. spicatum, such as α-santalol and β-santalol, are also believed to have antimicrobial and anti-cancerous potential, although further research is needed to fully explore these therapeutic benefits.
Overall, the distinct chemical profile of Australian Sandalwood makes it a valuable resource for both the fragrance and wellness industries, offering a unique alternative to Indian Sandalwood with its own set of therapeutic and aromatic qualities.
Therapeutic Properties of Santalum spicatum (Australian Sandalwood)
The therapeutic uses of Santalum spicatum (S. spicatum), commonly known as Australian Sandalwood, have a rich history, with traditional Aboriginal uses dating back centuries. Aboriginal communities used a decoction of the inner bark of S. spicatum to treat coughs, reflecting its potential as a medicinal plant. In modern applications, Australian Sandalwood oil has been widely utilised for its broad spectrum of therapeutic benefits, particularly for its soothing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
Historical and Traditional Uses
Over nearly a century, documented therapeutic uses of Australian Sandalwood oil include its roles as:
- Mild diuretic
- Pulmonary expectorant (helping to clear mucus in the lungs)
- Antiseptic, particularly for chronic bronchitis
- Tonic and aphrodisiac for overall vitality and energy
- Treatment for dry and persistent coughs, sore throats, and respiratory infections
During the period from 1920 to 1940, Sandalwood oil (both S. spicatum and S. album, or Indian Sandalwood) was commonly used in treating conditions such as:
- Gonorrhea
- Cystitis
- Chronic bronchitis
- Impotence
One particularly notable use is the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs), where both S. spicatum and S. album oils were commonly used. Despite some bacteriological studies showing minimal antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (a major UTI pathogen), traditional usage and empirical evidence suggest that Sandalwood oil could still be effective, likely due to its immunostimulant properties and the possibility that water-soluble metabolites excreted via urine may have antimicrobial effects.
Anti-Inflammatory and Pain-Relieving Properties
- S. spicatum is known to contain compounds with strong anti-inflammatory actions, including β- and epi-α-bisabolol and β-santalene. These compounds make S. spicatum particularly effective for reducing inflammation associated with:
- Muscular and nerve pain
- Skin inflammations, such as dermatitis, eczema, and possibly psoriasis
Because of its superior anti-inflammatory action compared to S. album, Australian Sandalwood is considered better suited for treating conditions related to inflammation and pain, especially for conditions like nerve or muscular pain. The soothing qualities of S. spicatum oil can also aid in the relief of venous and lymphatic congestion, promoting circulation and reducing swelling in affected areas.
Skin Health and Antimicrobial Properties
In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, S. spicatum also shows promise in treating various skin conditions, particularly those related to infections and fungal activity. These include:
- Herpes simplex and Herpes zoster infections (cold sores and shingles)
- Acne, infected sores, ulcers, fungal infections, and Candida infections
- Skin fungal infections, including conditions like Tinea and Candida
- S. spicatum oil has demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, especially when compared to S. album oil. In studies, S. spicatum oil was found to exhibit superior activity against:
- Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria commonly responsible for skin infections
- Candida albicans, a fungus implicated in skin infections and yeast overgrowth
In fact, S. spicatum oil has been shown to have antimicrobial effects even stronger than Tea Tree oil in certain cases, particularly against Staph. aureus.
Additional Therapeutic Benefits
Recent research into the therapeutic applications of Australian Sandalwood oil has revealed several promising findings:
- Inactivation of Herpes simplex virus I and II (which causes cold sores and genital herpes)
- Skin cancer prevention: A study suggested that topical application of S. album (Indian Sandalwood) oil reduced the incidence of skin papillomas (tumors caused by carcinogens) by 67% in mice, indicating potential as a chemo-preventive agent for skin cancer.
- Acne treatment: The oil’s antimicrobial properties are particularly effective against Propionibacterium acnes, the bacterium that plays a key role in acne development.
- Eczema and psoriasis relief: Empirical studies and early clinical trials have suggested that Australian Sandalwood oil can alleviate the symptoms of eczema, psoriasis, and allergic dermatitis, as well as help soothe scalp irritations.
Aromatic Energetics of Santalum spicatum (Australian Sandalwood)
The aromatic energetics of Santalum spicatum (Australian Sandalwood) reveal its powerful ability to influence the body and mind in a variety of therapeutic contexts. Drawing on both French Aromatic Medicine and Traditional Ayurvedic practices, Sandalwood has long been revered for its soothing, cooling, and balancing properties. While the French tradition has its own interpretations of Sandalwood's therapeutic benefits, the Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine perspectives highlight its versatility in treating both physical and emotional imbalances.
French Aromatic Medicine Tradition
In French Aromatic Medicine, S. spicatum (along with S. album, the Indian Sandalwood) is highly valued for its ability to address various circulatory and lymphatic issues, particularly those involving inflammation and congestion. Its applications include:
- Venous and lymphatic decongestion: Sandalwood is used to treat fluid retention, varicose veins, and hemorrhoids, which are often associated with poor circulation or inflammation.
- Cardiotonic: It supports heart function, particularly in cases of cardiac fatigue and palpitations. This use aligns with its calming and grounding effects.
- Analgesic and anti-inflammatory: Sandalwood is also effective for conditions like neuralgia, sciatica, and low back pain, where inflammation and pain relief are key goals.
Ayurvedic Tradition
In Ayurveda, Sandalwood, particularly S. album, is renowned for its ability to cool and soothe the body and mind, especially in conditions of excessive heat or agitation. Sandalwood is classified as an excellent anti-pitta herb, which balances the pitta dosha—the element of fire. When this energy is in excess, it leads to conditions such as inflammation, fevers, and irritated skin. Traditional uses include:
- Cooling and calming effects: Sandalwood is considered invaluable for calming fiery skin conditions like acute dermatitis, herpes zoster, and sunstroke.
- Mental and emotional balancing: It helps to ease agitated states of mind, anxiety, and stress, providing a sense of calmness and tranquillity.
- Blood cleansing: Sandalwood is said to purify the blood, making it a valuable addition to formulas for detoxification and cleansing.
Dr. Vasant Lad, a renowned Ayurvedic practitioner, summarises the effects of Sandalwood in Ayurvedic medicine as follows: “Sandalwood cools and calms the entire body and mind with its influence spreading throughout the circulatory, digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems. It relieves fever and inflamed skin, thirst, burning sensations and stops sweating.”
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Sandalwood takes on a different role. It is seen as a heat-clearing remedy, known for its astringent properties, especially when using the outer wood of the tree. This “pungent and warm” quality is believed to:
- Dispel cold and stop pain: It contrasts with the cooling nature of Sandalwood seen in Ayurveda, offering a potential explanation for the dualistic nature of Sandalwood's energetics.
- “Dries damp”: The outer wood is thought to have a drying effect on dampness in the body, helping with conditions like excess moisture or mucus.
Interestingly, the heartwood, from which the essential oil is extracted, contains different chemical compositions. The heartwood is rich in santalols, while the outer wood and branches contain higher levels of farnesol and bisabolols, which might explain the contrasting energetic properties observed in TCM.
Aromatic Qualities and Uses for Cooling and Calming Effects
Across these traditions, Sandalwood oil is celebrated for its cooling, decongestant, and mildly astringent qualities, making it ideal for treating hot, inflammatory conditions in the body, such as:
- Respiratory issues: Sandalwood is helpful for conditions involving the respiratory system, including asthma, bronchitis, and coughs.
- Genitourinary conditions: It can soothe urinary tract infections and other issues related to the urinary and reproductive systems.
- Digestive disorders: Sandalwood has been traditionally used to alleviate inflammation and irritation in the digestive tract, including conditions like acid reflux and gastritis.
Moreover, the cooling effect extends to the skin, where it is used to treat eczema, psoriasis, and other fiery skin conditions, offering relief from itching, irritation, and redness.
Emotional and Mental Benefits
Sandalwood oil’s cooling effects are not limited to physical health; it also has profound effects on emotional and mental well-being. Its calming and grounding properties make it highly effective for:
- Reducing stress and anxiety: Sandalwood helps to soothe the nervous system and alleviate mental agitation.
- Balancing emotions: It is known for its ability to help with emotional imbalances and mental exhaustion, providing a sense of peace and calm.
- Meditation and spiritual practices: Sandalwood has been traditionally used in meditation and spiritual rituals to help quiet the mind and enhance focus. It is thought to open the pineal chakra, facilitating deeper spiritual insight and clarity.
Additionally, Sandalwood is used in India for its role in transmuting sexual energy and helping with emotional healing, especially in conditions like depression or emotional stagnation.
Energetic Similarities Between S. spicatum and S. album
Interestingly, S. spicatum (Australian Sandalwood) shares many of the same energetic qualities as S. album (Indian Sandalwood), particularly in terms of its anti-inflammatory and cooling properties. Preliminary studies using Kinesiology techniques have shown that the energetic properties of both oils are nearly identical, making S. spicatum just as effective as its Indian counterpart for addressing a wide range of conditions, both physical and emotional.
Contraindications and Safety Profile of Australian Sandalwood Oil
Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) essential oil is considered one of the safest oils for use in aromatherapy, with minimal risk of adverse effects when used at typical dosages. Here is a closer look at its safety profile:
Safety and Toxicity Rating
- Toxicity Rating: 3 (Low toxicity)
- LD50 (Lethal Dose for 50% of the population): Greater than 5 grams per kilogram. This high threshold indicates a very safe essential oil.
- General Safety: Australian Sandalwood oil has a longstanding history of safe use, both in topical and ingestible forms. It is considered non-sensitising and mild on the skin, making it suitable for most individuals, including those with sensitive skin.
- Ingestible Use: There are historical records of Australian Sandalwood being used as an ingestible medicine, with recommended doses of up to 5 grams per day. This is a notably high dosage for an essential oil, further emphasising its low toxicity profile.
Contraindications
- None at Usual Dosages: Australian Sandalwood essential oil is generally regarded as safe, with no known contraindications when used at typical therapeutic doses. It is non-irritating, non-sensitising, and safe for most skin types.
- Caution in High Doses: As with any essential oil, it’s recommended to avoid excessive use or prolonged exposure, especially for individuals who are pregnant, nursing, or have pre-existing health conditions. However, there are no specific warnings or contraindications for Australian Sandalwood oil when used responsibly.
A Safe and Sustainable Alternative
Australian Sandalwood oil is harvested and produced sustainably, ensuring minimal environmental impact. It has been made available after a long period of scarcity, and its consistent quality, combined with its more affordable price compared to its Indian counterpart (Santalum album), makes it a valuable option for both professional and personal use.
In terms of pharmacological effects and energetic properties, Australian Sandalwood has shown to be just as effective as, if not superior to, Indian Sandalwood in many applications. The oil’s calming, cooling, and decongestant properties make it versatile for both physical and emotional healing.
Conclusion
Australian Sandalwood essential oil is an excellent alternative to the more expensive and sometimes less consistent Indian Sandalwood oil. Its safe usage, sustainable production, and effectiveness in various therapeutic applications make it a valuable addition to the world of essential oils. Whether used for its physical health benefits, emotional calming effects, or spiritual healing properties, Australian Sandalwood remains a trusted and beneficial oil with minimal risk of adverse effects.